But by the mid-1850s, Patrick and some of his family were living in Leeds, Yorkshire, England. It's likely his family had been driven from Ireland by the potato famine, which hit the west worse than the rest of the country. Family stories indicate that this was the reason. Why Leeds and not another city in England or in North America? We don't know for certain, but Leeds was the centre of the industrial north of England with lots of work opportunities, and a large Irish population settled there.
In 1856, Patrick married an Irish girl named Margaret Kelly. The wedding was performed at St. Patrick's Chapel in Leeds by Father Michael O'Donnell, a Roman Catholic priest from Clonmel, Ireland.
So Patrick and Margaret had four children together, all of whom died of different illnesses at different times. Mary was born in 1858 and died in 1862. Catherine was born in 1860 and died in 1861. Margaret was born in 1862 and died in 1863. Margaret herself died in 1862 of phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis or a similar progressive systemic disease). She was only 26.
Having lost his entire first family of 4 children and a wife, Patrick married for a second time in 1865. His new wife, Bridget McHale, had also been born in Ireland, but her family appears to have emigrated to the USA in the 1850s — again probably because of the potato famine.
Patrick, who was about 32 years old, married the 23-year-old Bridget on 7 March 1865 in St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Chapel in Leeds. This was the same church where Patrick married Margaret nine years earlier. St. Patrick's was built in 1831 on the north side of York Road. The priest who performed the ceremony was named Benjamin Randerson.
Glenulra is in the Electoral Division of Ballycastle, in the Civil Parish of Doonfeeny, in the Barony of Tirawley, in the County of Mayo. Ballycastle is near the coast and Glenulra is a rural area of rocky farmland.
On the microfilm of the church's baptism records for Mary, there were sponsors, who were like God parents. The film was almost unreadable, but it appears that the names were John or Wm (for William) Madden and Margaret Madden. A woman named Mary Madden was the witness to the birth of Mary on the official Irish birth registration.
In 1856, Patrick married an Irish girl named Margaret Kelly. The wedding was performed at St. Patrick's Chapel in Leeds by Father Michael O'Donnell, a Roman Catholic priest from Clonmel, Ireland.
The couple lost their first child to disease. William was born in 1857 and died in 1858. In the 1861 census, Patrick and Margaret were living at 11 Masons Buildings in Leeds. The Masons Buildings may have been built by the Masonic Lodge to house the poor. In the census with Patrick and his wife were two children: Mary 3 and Catherine 4 months. Also living with the couple at the time of the 1861 census was a 24-year-old unmarried lodger named Michael Kelly, who was a cloth draper and probably Margaret's brother. Patrick's occupation was farm labourer. As they were living in the centre of the city of Leeds, it is unclear where Patrick carried out this occupation. It is possible that there were small farms within the city or that he somehow travelled to larger farms on the outskirts.
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| Mason's Buildings were in the Quarry Hill area of Leeds. There is no date on this photograph, but a woman is standing at number 6, so this is only a few doors away from where Patrick and Margaret lived. |
So Patrick and Margaret had four children together, all of whom died of different illnesses at different times. Mary was born in 1858 and died in 1862. Catherine was born in 1860 and died in 1861. Margaret was born in 1862 and died in 1863. Margaret herself died in 1862 of phthisis (pulmonary tuberculosis or a similar progressive systemic disease). She was only 26.
Records show that another man named Patrick Connell was living in Leeds with a wife whose maiden name was Catherine McHale. This other Patrick was probably related to our Patrick (a cousin possibly), and his wife would have been related to Bridget (sister or cousin?). My theory is that after her husband's cousin lost his wife and children, Catherine arranged for her relative Bridget to travel to England (possibly from the USA) to marry the widowed Patrick. It is also possible that Patrick's father emigrated to the USA in 1850 as there is a record of a Thomas Connell arriving in Pennsylvania that year. If that is the case, maybe Thomas met the McHale family and he arranged the marriage. Thomas may have even travelled to Leeds with his future daughter-in-law, as in 1871 a Thomas Connell is living at the address shown for the couple on their marriage registration. Whether Bridget came to Leeds specifically to marry Patrick or whether she came for another reason and met him there is not known for certain, but arranging marriages was common practice.
Patrick, who was about 32 years old, married the 23-year-old Bridget on 7 March 1865 in St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Chapel in Leeds. This was the same church where Patrick married Margaret nine years earlier. St. Patrick's was built in 1831 on the north side of York Road. The priest who performed the ceremony was named Benjamin Randerson.
Patrick and Bridget's marriage certificate shows that they were both living at Holmes Yard, York Street in Leeds, indicating that they were either living in the same household or were neighbours. This adds to the speculation that the marriage may have been arranged.
Addresses that were ‘yards’ were the backs of buildings near the outhouses and trash. These types of accommodations would have been cheaper than anything facing the front street. There were usually several addresses facing each other in the yard and sharing one communal space and the 'amenities' it offered. In some cases, the front houses also used these amenities, so the inner courtyard may have been a busy place.
Patrick's occupation was shown as farm labourer, the same as his father. On the various birth, death and census records for Patrick up to that point, he'd been listed as a farm labourer or simply labourer, but on one record he's shown as a journeyman gardener.
Bridget's father, Edward McHale, was shown on the marriage certificate to be a farmer also. As noted, it's possible the family moved to the USA, but there is no proof for certain, and he may have still been living in Ireland for all we know. But he does not appear in the censuses in Leeds. There is only one Edward McHale in the Griffith's Valuation in County Mayo but he is in the south of Mayo (see later information that connects Bridget to the north), although there are several Edmunds. Her father also may have died by then, maybe even as a result of famine. The person filling out the marriage certificate was supposed to note if the bride's or the groom's father was deceased, but this was not always done. So without proof, we don’t know if he was alive or not.
The witnesses to the marriage were John Murphy and Bridget Tighue. In the 1871 census there was a 70-year-old John Murphy living in Leeds, and in his household was an Anthony McHale who was shown as his son-in-law. This Anthony was born in Ireland in 1839, and he could be Bridget’s older brother. This would mean that Anthony's father in-law was the witness to Bridget's wedding and might have been a parental stand-in for her.
Patrick and Bridget returned to Ireland the following year, and the couple had their first child, Mary, in the townland of Glenulra in the district of Ballycastle, County Mayo on 3 February 1866. Since Mary’s birth certificate shows the couple’s current residence was Leeds, but Bridget was born in County Mayo, they would certainly have been visiting her family when Bridget gave birth. It was common practice for Irish Catholics to return to their hometowns to give birth to their first child, so Ballycastle is probably the area where Bridget was from — and records show a number of people named McHale in the area.
Addresses that were ‘yards’ were the backs of buildings near the outhouses and trash. These types of accommodations would have been cheaper than anything facing the front street. There were usually several addresses facing each other in the yard and sharing one communal space and the 'amenities' it offered. In some cases, the front houses also used these amenities, so the inner courtyard may have been a busy place.
Patrick's occupation was shown as farm labourer, the same as his father. On the various birth, death and census records for Patrick up to that point, he'd been listed as a farm labourer or simply labourer, but on one record he's shown as a journeyman gardener.
Bridget's father, Edward McHale, was shown on the marriage certificate to be a farmer also. As noted, it's possible the family moved to the USA, but there is no proof for certain, and he may have still been living in Ireland for all we know. But he does not appear in the censuses in Leeds. There is only one Edward McHale in the Griffith's Valuation in County Mayo but he is in the south of Mayo (see later information that connects Bridget to the north), although there are several Edmunds. Her father also may have died by then, maybe even as a result of famine. The person filling out the marriage certificate was supposed to note if the bride's or the groom's father was deceased, but this was not always done. So without proof, we don’t know if he was alive or not.
The witnesses to the marriage were John Murphy and Bridget Tighue. In the 1871 census there was a 70-year-old John Murphy living in Leeds, and in his household was an Anthony McHale who was shown as his son-in-law. This Anthony was born in Ireland in 1839, and he could be Bridget’s older brother. This would mean that Anthony's father in-law was the witness to Bridget's wedding and might have been a parental stand-in for her.
Patrick and Bridget returned to Ireland the following year, and the couple had their first child, Mary, in the townland of Glenulra in the district of Ballycastle, County Mayo on 3 February 1866. Since Mary’s birth certificate shows the couple’s current residence was Leeds, but Bridget was born in County Mayo, they would certainly have been visiting her family when Bridget gave birth. It was common practice for Irish Catholics to return to their hometowns to give birth to their first child, so Ballycastle is probably the area where Bridget was from — and records show a number of people named McHale in the area.
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| Mary Connell's birth registration from 1866. |
Glenulra is in the Electoral Division of Ballycastle, in the Civil Parish of Doonfeeny, in the Barony of Tirawley, in the County of Mayo. Ballycastle is near the coast and Glenulra is a rural area of rocky farmland.
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| Glenulra is the small blue dot on the map. |
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| Glenulra near Ballycastle, County Mayo as it looks in modern times, which is likely nearly exactly as it looked in the mid 1800s when Bridget was born. |
On the microfilm of the church's baptism records for Mary, there were sponsors, who were like God parents. The film was almost unreadable, but it appears that the names were John or Wm (for William) Madden and Margaret Madden. A woman named Mary Madden was the witness to the birth of Mary on the official Irish birth registration.
While it is not known for certain if Bridget was from Ballycastle, church marriage records that begin in 1869 show numerous McHales marrying in the local Catholic church, St. Bridget's. This is a good indication Bridget was from the area, although the name McHale is common in County Mayo. In addition, DNA links our family directly to that small region of Ireland.
Patrick and Bridget returned to England with daughter Mary, and the couple had their next child, Honora (maybe officially named Honour), in Leeds in 1867. Daughter Margaret was born in December 1868, and then young Bridget came along in 1871. At the time of Margaret's birth, the family was living at 8 Brick Street in Leeds, and Patrick was shown as a labourer.
During the 1871 census, they were living down the street at 15 Brick Street, and Patrick was working as a bricklayer. Note that the street they were living on had the same name as his occupation. This could have been a coincidence but since streets were often named for what was on them, it is possible that a brick factory or brick yard of some kind was nearby. As there was no public transportation, workers had to live within a reasonable walking distance of their jobs, which accounts for the fact that people moved frequently during the 1800s. Each time they changed jobs, they would move to be within walking distance of the place of employment.
The 1871 census shows that there were many other Irish families living in the same neighbourhood in Leeds. Some of them may have been related to Patrick and/or Bridget.
In the 1871 household there was a woman living with the family who was transcribed as Mary Limblin. She was 57 years old and listed as 'grandmother.' Since household members were listed in relation to the head of the household, I originally thought that this Mary was Patrick's grandmother. However, she isn't old enough to be his biological grandmother, and no one with the surname Limblin appears in connection with the family. However, in the 1881 census, a McHale household in Leeds has a woman transcribed as Mary Timlin who was 67 and shown as grandmother. This would indicate that Mary might have been Bridget's grandmother and that this other household is the home of one of Bridget's siblings, but there is no confirmation of this yet. And the age is still an issue, but this Mary might be a step-grandmother (second wife of the grandfather). There are other Timlins in the Ballycastle area of County Mayo so I believe that the name is Timlin and not Limblin as transcribed in the 1871 census.
In 1872, Patrick and Bridget had a daughter they named Catherine, who lived only until 1878. In 1877 they had another daughter named Helen or Ellen (possibly named Isabella at birth). In 1878 they had a son named Michael, but he died shortly after birth. In 1879 son John was born.
The Connell family stayed living at the Brick Street residence through the 1881 and the 1891 census surveys. Their children all grew up in Brick Street.
On the 1881 census, Patrick was shown as simply a labourer, and in the household were children Mary 15, Annie 13 (probably a nickname for Honora/Honour), Margaret 12, Bridget 10, Helen 4 and John 1. There was also a niece living with them named Mary who was 21. She may have been helping Bridget care for the children.
In 1881, another daughter, named Elizabeth, was born, but she lived for less than two years.
Patrick and Bridget had another son, Thomas, in 1885, and in the 1891 census, at least four of their children were still living with them: Margaret 22, Bridget 20, Ellen (Helen) 14, and Thomas 6. Honoria/Annie was gone from the household, but she'd have been old enough to be married. However, it should also be mentioned that John was missing from the census. Since John should have been only 11 years old by this date, it is reasonable to assume that he died between 1881 and 1891. There is a death record for a John Connell in 1888, so that makes it very possible.
In the 1891 census, daughter Margaret was working as a rag filler, and her younger sister Bridget as a rag sorter. Traditionally, rag sorters would sort old clothing by fabric type and remove buttons and other non-textile items so that the remaining material could be recycled, typically to be used in paper making. No idea what a rag filler would have done but it seems to be just another step in the process. The census taker wrote a note that the rags they were sorting/filling were wool, which was apparently significant enough to make note of. Research shows that the Irish in Leeds often worked in the textile industry, and Yorkshire was known for manufacturing woollen fabrics. The girls may have been recycling wool in a factory.
Patrick was listed as a gas purifier in this census. Coal gas was the predominant source of street lighting at that time, and most houses and factories had gas piped in for lighting by then. Some people had even begun using gas instead of wood fires for cooking. Although coal gas was cheap, it was a mix of hazardous substances, and removal of the noxious chemicals was a critical job not only to improve the qualify of the gas but also to prevent damage to equipment. The extracted chemicals were also worth something, and revenue could be recovered by selling them. A special facility know as the 'purifier' extracted sulfur (which causes a rotten egg smell) and other substances. Patrick's job would have been working with these hazardous chemicals, which could have been quite dangerous.
There was also a 16-month-old baby named Mary listed as Patrick and Bridget's daughter. But Mary's birth certificate shows that her mother was actually their daughter Margaret, who had the child out of wedlock. Margaret would have been around 20 at the time of the child's birth and no father was shown on the birth certificate. Couples often claimed illegitimate grandchildren as their own to avoid scandals for their daughters. This child, however, does not appear in the next census. There is a burial record for a 23-month-old Mary Connell who lived at 15 Brick Street, however, the father was listed as Thomas Connell.
Since the only Thomas in the household was Margaret's 6-year-old brother, I suspect that this is Margaret's daughter and that the father was listed as Thomas Connell to cover up for the fact that the child was illegitimate. But Connell was a common name, so this could have been a different child of a different Thomas. although that's a bit of coincidence.
Daughter Margaret married in 1893, and the marriage record shows she was living at 4 Dunns Yard in Leeds. We don't know if that means the whole family had moved or if she was living elsewhere at the time, but Dunns Yards was in the same neighbourhood as the Brick Street address.
Bridget & Patrick's daughter Bridget also gave birth out of wedlock, to a daughter named Elizabeth in 1894, but the child died in 1895. That means that at least two of their children had children before they were married. In both cases, the children were kept in the household and appear not to have been given up for adoption. While young Bridget's daughter Elizabeth's death is confirmed, Margaret's daughter Mary is not (*see earlier note).
In the 1901 census, Patrick and Bridget had moved to 24 Weaver's Square in Leeds, but Patrick was still working as a purifier in the gas works. Note that the name Weaver's Square was related to the wool textile industry prevalent in the area in which several of the children have worked. Daughter Ellen (again, possibly Helen at birth), who was 24, was working as a rag sorter at the time of this census, and son Thomas, 16, was a beer bottle washer.
The 1901 census was the last that either Patrick or Bridget would appear in, which is disappointing not only because they died but because the 1911 census offered information about the number of births a woman had and how many children lived or died. Without this, we don’t know if they had other children. It should be noted that there were long gaps by the standards of the day between births at certain periods for Patrick and Bridget. There were no children listed in the census who would have been born between 1871 and 1877. Logically this means that either Patrick was away from home (in the military, working out of town, or in jail?) or that there was at least one child who died during that period. Many, many children died young, and gaps between births were uncommon because of a lack of birth control. In addition, they were Roman Catholic ('nough said).
Patrick died on 4 December 1907 at 24 Upper Cross Street in Leeds of pneumonia cardiac syncope (exhaustion). We don’t know, however, which came first, the illness or the exhaustion. His daughter Margaret Pickles, who was present at the death, put her mark on the death certificate (she apparently couldn't write her name). Patrick was interred at The Catholic Cemetery at Killingbeck on 7 December 1907. The funeral card shows his age at time of death as 60, but he was around 70. Patrick Connell’s funeral card had his age different than it appears on the his death certificate and neither is correct, so two different people conceivably provided the information and both were wrong.
Bridget died two-and-a-half years later on 27 July 1910 at the Leeds Union Infirmary. The infirmary was built next to the Leeds Union Workhouse in 1874, and was probably the only hospital in the area. In 1915, the infirmary and the workhouse were converted into the East Leeds War Hospital, and in 1925 it became known as St. James's Hospital.
Bridget's married daughter, Margaret Pickles of 7 Haymount Street, Newtown, Leeds, was the informant as she had been for her father. Bridget was mistakenly shown as being 54 years old, yet she was closer to 66 (again, children seldom knew the exact age of their parents). She was shown as the widow of Patrick Connell, gas stoker of 32 Upper Cross Street in Leeds. The cause of death was listed as chronic lepto meningitis, which is a disease of the brain.
Prepared using information available as of 05 October 2021.
Patrick and Bridget returned to England with daughter Mary, and the couple had their next child, Honora (maybe officially named Honour), in Leeds in 1867. Daughter Margaret was born in December 1868, and then young Bridget came along in 1871. At the time of Margaret's birth, the family was living at 8 Brick Street in Leeds, and Patrick was shown as a labourer.
During the 1871 census, they were living down the street at 15 Brick Street, and Patrick was working as a bricklayer. Note that the street they were living on had the same name as his occupation. This could have been a coincidence but since streets were often named for what was on them, it is possible that a brick factory or brick yard of some kind was nearby. As there was no public transportation, workers had to live within a reasonable walking distance of their jobs, which accounts for the fact that people moved frequently during the 1800s. Each time they changed jobs, they would move to be within walking distance of the place of employment.
The 1871 census shows that there were many other Irish families living in the same neighbourhood in Leeds. Some of them may have been related to Patrick and/or Bridget.
In the 1871 household there was a woman living with the family who was transcribed as Mary Limblin. She was 57 years old and listed as 'grandmother.' Since household members were listed in relation to the head of the household, I originally thought that this Mary was Patrick's grandmother. However, she isn't old enough to be his biological grandmother, and no one with the surname Limblin appears in connection with the family. However, in the 1881 census, a McHale household in Leeds has a woman transcribed as Mary Timlin who was 67 and shown as grandmother. This would indicate that Mary might have been Bridget's grandmother and that this other household is the home of one of Bridget's siblings, but there is no confirmation of this yet. And the age is still an issue, but this Mary might be a step-grandmother (second wife of the grandfather). There are other Timlins in the Ballycastle area of County Mayo so I believe that the name is Timlin and not Limblin as transcribed in the 1871 census.
In 1872, Patrick and Bridget had a daughter they named Catherine, who lived only until 1878. In 1877 they had another daughter named Helen or Ellen (possibly named Isabella at birth). In 1878 they had a son named Michael, but he died shortly after birth. In 1879 son John was born.
The Connell family stayed living at the Brick Street residence through the 1881 and the 1891 census surveys. Their children all grew up in Brick Street.
On the 1881 census, Patrick was shown as simply a labourer, and in the household were children Mary 15, Annie 13 (probably a nickname for Honora/Honour), Margaret 12, Bridget 10, Helen 4 and John 1. There was also a niece living with them named Mary who was 21. She may have been helping Bridget care for the children.
In 1881, another daughter, named Elizabeth, was born, but she lived for less than two years.
Patrick and Bridget had another son, Thomas, in 1885, and in the 1891 census, at least four of their children were still living with them: Margaret 22, Bridget 20, Ellen (Helen) 14, and Thomas 6. Honoria/Annie was gone from the household, but she'd have been old enough to be married. However, it should also be mentioned that John was missing from the census. Since John should have been only 11 years old by this date, it is reasonable to assume that he died between 1881 and 1891. There is a death record for a John Connell in 1888, so that makes it very possible.
In the 1891 census, daughter Margaret was working as a rag filler, and her younger sister Bridget as a rag sorter. Traditionally, rag sorters would sort old clothing by fabric type and remove buttons and other non-textile items so that the remaining material could be recycled, typically to be used in paper making. No idea what a rag filler would have done but it seems to be just another step in the process. The census taker wrote a note that the rags they were sorting/filling were wool, which was apparently significant enough to make note of. Research shows that the Irish in Leeds often worked in the textile industry, and Yorkshire was known for manufacturing woollen fabrics. The girls may have been recycling wool in a factory.
Patrick was listed as a gas purifier in this census. Coal gas was the predominant source of street lighting at that time, and most houses and factories had gas piped in for lighting by then. Some people had even begun using gas instead of wood fires for cooking. Although coal gas was cheap, it was a mix of hazardous substances, and removal of the noxious chemicals was a critical job not only to improve the qualify of the gas but also to prevent damage to equipment. The extracted chemicals were also worth something, and revenue could be recovered by selling them. A special facility know as the 'purifier' extracted sulfur (which causes a rotten egg smell) and other substances. Patrick's job would have been working with these hazardous chemicals, which could have been quite dangerous.
There was also a 16-month-old baby named Mary listed as Patrick and Bridget's daughter. But Mary's birth certificate shows that her mother was actually their daughter Margaret, who had the child out of wedlock. Margaret would have been around 20 at the time of the child's birth and no father was shown on the birth certificate. Couples often claimed illegitimate grandchildren as their own to avoid scandals for their daughters. This child, however, does not appear in the next census. There is a burial record for a 23-month-old Mary Connell who lived at 15 Brick Street, however, the father was listed as Thomas Connell.
Since the only Thomas in the household was Margaret's 6-year-old brother, I suspect that this is Margaret's daughter and that the father was listed as Thomas Connell to cover up for the fact that the child was illegitimate. But Connell was a common name, so this could have been a different child of a different Thomas. although that's a bit of coincidence.
Daughter Margaret married in 1893, and the marriage record shows she was living at 4 Dunns Yard in Leeds. We don't know if that means the whole family had moved or if she was living elsewhere at the time, but Dunns Yards was in the same neighbourhood as the Brick Street address.
Bridget & Patrick's daughter Bridget also gave birth out of wedlock, to a daughter named Elizabeth in 1894, but the child died in 1895. That means that at least two of their children had children before they were married. In both cases, the children were kept in the household and appear not to have been given up for adoption. While young Bridget's daughter Elizabeth's death is confirmed, Margaret's daughter Mary is not (*see earlier note).
In the 1901 census, Patrick and Bridget had moved to 24 Weaver's Square in Leeds, but Patrick was still working as a purifier in the gas works. Note that the name Weaver's Square was related to the wool textile industry prevalent in the area in which several of the children have worked. Daughter Ellen (again, possibly Helen at birth), who was 24, was working as a rag sorter at the time of this census, and son Thomas, 16, was a beer bottle washer.
The 1901 census was the last that either Patrick or Bridget would appear in, which is disappointing not only because they died but because the 1911 census offered information about the number of births a woman had and how many children lived or died. Without this, we don’t know if they had other children. It should be noted that there were long gaps by the standards of the day between births at certain periods for Patrick and Bridget. There were no children listed in the census who would have been born between 1871 and 1877. Logically this means that either Patrick was away from home (in the military, working out of town, or in jail?) or that there was at least one child who died during that period. Many, many children died young, and gaps between births were uncommon because of a lack of birth control. In addition, they were Roman Catholic ('nough said).
Patrick died on 4 December 1907 at 24 Upper Cross Street in Leeds of pneumonia cardiac syncope (exhaustion). We don’t know, however, which came first, the illness or the exhaustion. His daughter Margaret Pickles, who was present at the death, put her mark on the death certificate (she apparently couldn't write her name). Patrick was interred at The Catholic Cemetery at Killingbeck on 7 December 1907. The funeral card shows his age at time of death as 60, but he was around 70. Patrick Connell’s funeral card had his age different than it appears on the his death certificate and neither is correct, so two different people conceivably provided the information and both were wrong.
Bridget died two-and-a-half years later on 27 July 1910 at the Leeds Union Infirmary. The infirmary was built next to the Leeds Union Workhouse in 1874, and was probably the only hospital in the area. In 1915, the infirmary and the workhouse were converted into the East Leeds War Hospital, and in 1925 it became known as St. James's Hospital.
Bridget's married daughter, Margaret Pickles of 7 Haymount Street, Newtown, Leeds, was the informant as she had been for her father. Bridget was mistakenly shown as being 54 years old, yet she was closer to 66 (again, children seldom knew the exact age of their parents). She was shown as the widow of Patrick Connell, gas stoker of 32 Upper Cross Street in Leeds. The cause of death was listed as chronic lepto meningitis, which is a disease of the brain.
Prepared using information available as of 05 October 2021.
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